AlphaOracle: Oracle bone script decipherment via human-workflow-inspired deep learning

Yuliang Liu, Haisu Guan, Pengjie Wang, Xinyu Wang, Jinpeng Wan, Kaile Zhang, Handong Zheng, Xingchen Liu, Zhebin Kuang, Huanxin Yang, Bang Li, Yongge Liu, Lianwen Jin, Xiang Bai

Approximately 3,000 of the 4,500 oracle bone script (OBS) characters remain undeciphered due to fragmentary inscriptions and sparse evidence. Current AI approaches fail to replicate expert workflows that integrate form analysis, contextual semantics, and philological reasoning. We introduce AlphaOracle, a human-workflow-inspired framework that systematizes OBS decipherment using the largest digitized corpus to date. Its multi-stage pipeline comprises: (i) rubbing parsing; (ii) radical-based morphological analysis with diachronic modeling; (iii) contextual retrieval with semantic alignment; and (iv) philological validation against classical sources. Each stage generates explicit, confidence-weighted evidence chains, culminating in interpretable reports for scholarly verification. Across multiple test characters, AlphaOracle's readings strongly agreed with expert interpretations. In a study of 86 domain specialists, it reduced analysis time by 64% and 79% of participants rated it highly useful. Notably, AlphaOracle resolves the character "Lao" as a toponymic or clan designation, offering concrete revisions to Shang administrative and social interpretations. These results suggest that computational methods aligned with philological practice can facilitate OBS research and provide a conceptual reference for studies of other undeciphered scripts.