Research Advances in Maize Crop Disease Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approaches

Thangavel Murugan, Nasurudeen Ahamed Noor Mohamed Badusha, Nura Shifa Musa, Eiman Mubarak Masoud Alahbabi, Ruqayyah Ali Ahmed Alyammahi, Abebe Belay Adege, Afedi Abdi, Zemzem Mohammed Megersa

Recent developments in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms have introduced a new approach to the automatic detection of plant diseases. However, existing reviews of this field tend to be broader than maize-focused and do not offer a comprehensive synthesis of how ML and DL methods have been applied to image-based detection of maize leaf disease. Following the PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review of 102 peer-reviewed papers published between 2017 and 2025 examined methods and approaches used to classify leaf images for detecting disease in maize plants. The 102 papers were categorized by disease type, dataset, task, learning approach, architecture, and metrics used to evaluate performance. The analysis results indicate that traditional ML methods, when combined with effective feature engineering, can achieve classification accuracies of approximately 79–100%, while DL, especially CNNs, provide consistent, superior classification performance on controlled benchmark datasets (up to 99.9%). Yet in “real field” conditions, many of these improvements typically decrease or disappear due to dataset bias, environmental factors, and limited evaluation. The review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, performance trade-offs, and ongoing gaps in developing field-ready, explainable, reliable, and scalable maize leaf disease detection systems.