A Kalman Filter-Assisted Data-Predictive SAR ADC With Reduced Switching Energy for Low-Power Applications

Xiyuan Feng, Yuxiang Zhao, Jie Xiong, Dian Lin, Yunlei Zhong, Wei Liu, Zhongheng Ji, Ruiyu Tian, Chenhao Zhuo, Yue Yin

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearable health monitors has created an urgent demand for ultra-low-power analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs are widely used in such applications, yet their energy efficiency remains constrained by the sequential bit-by-bit switching of the capacitive DAC (CDAC). The high-weight most significant bit (MSB) transitions dominate the total switching energy, and the rigid N -cycle conversion flow imposes a hard lower bound on latency per sample.This paper presents a Kalman filter-assisted data-predictive SAR ADC that replaces the first four comparator-driven decisions with a recursive state estimator. The Kalman filter predicts the 4 MSBs from the complete conversion history before each cycle begins, enabling simultaneous parallel switching of the MSB capacitors. This eliminates redundant CDAC transitions, shortens the quantization cycle by four clock periods, and reduces switching energy by approximately 50%. An optimized 4-bit MSB switching scheme further suppresses residual switching at the hardware level. The ADC, designed in a 180-nm CMOS process, supports configurable dual-mode operation, toggling between a conventional mode and the Kalman-driven predictive mode for robustness under erratic inputs. At 20 MS/s and a 1.8-V supply, the predictive mode reduces total power consumption by 50.3% (from 1.96 mW to 0.975 mW), with a measured SNR/SFDR of 57.88/74.51 dB at 504 kHz, confirming its suitability for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.