A Novel Method for Differential-Algebraic Dynamic Model Discovery in Power Systems: An LLM-Based Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework

Xinming Wang, Fan Tang, Yingli Wei, Yakun He, Zhe Liu, Ping Jiang, Haoyu Wu, Zihan Guo, Chao Shen

With large-scale integration of emerging power electronic devices represented by grid-forming inverters, power system dynamics increasingly exhibit strong nonlinearity, multi-timescale coupling, and black-box control logic. These features hinder conventional parameter identification requiring known model structures and structure identification based on predefined function libraries, making complete differential-algebraic dynamic model recovery difficult under weak prior information. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an LLM-based multi-agent collaborative framework for differential-algebraic dynamic model discovery in power systems. It integrates heterogeneous exploratory agents, individual candidate model memories, parameter fitting and evaluation, and a coordinator agent. Under unified measurement-data constraints, agents generate candidate equation structures in parallel, while candidates are optimized, evaluated, retained, and summarized to provide closed-loop search guidance. The task is decomposed into differential equation structure discovery and algebraic closure discovery, enabling joint recovery of state dynamics, algebraic constraints, and key intermediate variables with incomplete prior information. Case studies on synchronous generators and grid-forming inverters show that the proposed method outperforms single-agent LLM-based discovery and conventional symbolic regression in reconstruction accuracy, generalization, search efficiency, and noise robustness. In the generator case, OOD MAPE reaches 0.19\%; in the inverter case, discovery time is reduced by 25.7\% compared with the single-agent LLM baseline.