Financial observations are continuous, heterogeneous, and noisy, whereas decoder-only next-token models are usually built around discrete symbolic inputs. We introduce Vector-Input Autoregressive Inference for Ordinal-Return Modeling (VAIOM), a decoder-only Transformer for probab…
Programming education continues to face significant challenges, with failure and dropout rates exceeding 30% in many introductory courses. Existing learning analytics approaches largely rely on static behavioral indicators derived from the Felder–Silverman Learning Style Model (F…