crossrefApplied Sciences2025-06-09Cited by 3
Triple-Stream Deep Feature Selection with Metaheuristic Optimization and Machine Learning for Multi-Stage Hypertensive Retinopathy Diagnosis
Süleyman Burçin Şüyun, Mustafa Yurdakul, Şakir Taşdemir, Serkan Biliş
Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is a serious eye disease that can lead to permanent vision loss if not diagnosed early. The conventional diagnostic methods are subjective and time-consuming, so there is a need for an automated and reliable system. In this study, a three-stage metho…