crossrefWater2026-04-14
Benchmarking Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Groundwater Level Prediction in Karst Aquifers: The Dominant Role of Hydrogeological Complexity
Qingmin Zhu, Yinxia Zhu, Jie Niu, Jinqiang Huang, Fen Huang, Xiangyang Zhou, et al.
Karst aquifers present unique challenges for groundwater level prediction due to their dual-porosity structures and highly nonlinear hydrological responses. This study systematically evaluates nine machine learning and deep learning models (RF, XGBoost, LSTM, CNN, Transformer, N-…