A Simplex-Inspired Architecture for Integrating Quantum Capabilities into Cyber-Physical Systems

Tamim Ahmed, Dacheng Shen, Mengyu Liu, Monowar Hasan

Cyber-physical systems require accurate and reliable system models to ensure safe and efficient operation. Classical Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) provides uncertainty-aware predictions but suffers from high computational complexity, which limits its scalability in real-time applications. Quantum-assisted Gaussian process models reduce complexity in inference, but their practical use is constrained by noise and stability concerns in safety-critical environments. In this paper, we propose a hybrid classical-quantum system identification framework based on a Simplex architecture. The framework combines Quantum-Assisted Hilbert-Space Gaussian Process Regression (QA-HSGPR) as a high-performance module and classical GPR as a high-assurance module. A runtime monitor evaluates system safety and dynamically switches between the two models. Experiments on a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor benchmark demonstrate that the proposed framework enables a controllable trade-off between performance and safety for real-time cyber-physical systems.