Physics-Informed Structure Anchoring With Capture-Aware Prototype Calibration for Cross-Environment RF Fingerprinting

Fengchong Yao, Jianbing Li, Qing Liu, Qikun Liu, Kefeng Song, Haitao Li, Song Wang

Radio frequency fingerprint identification (RFFI) exploits transmitter-specific hardware imperfections as physicallayer identity cues for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, but deep models often degrade across acquisition environments. In multi-antenna reception, antenna topology and frequencyoffset dynamics structure receiver observations, while capturedependent variation distorts target embeddings and misaligns source-trained decision boundaries. This article proposes physicsinformed structure anchoring with capture-aware prototype calibration (PISA-CAPC) to address both representation and decision mismatches. The two stages separate source representation construction from target decision correction. During source training, PISA organizes antenna tokens through a topology-guided graph, conditions propagation on CFO-derived acquisition dynamics, and applies bounded contextual residual suppression to preserve identity evidence. At deployment, unlabeled capture-aware prototype calibration (U-CAPC) estimates capture-local prototypes and recalibrates target decision scores while keeping the representation and source classifier fixed. Thus, calibration uses neither target labels nor target-domain backbone updates. On a measured WiFi benchmark with four receive antennas and ten transmitters, PISA-CAPC achieves a mean target-domain Macro-F1 of 0.9257 under a balanced transductive setting. Component ablations support complementary roles for topology-guided anchoring, CFO-conditioned modulation, reliability-aware token aggregation, contextual suppression, and capture-aware calibration. These results indicate that physically motivated representation learning can be combined with labelfree decision calibration to improve cross-environment RFFI under the evaluated protocol without changing the deployed backbone.