Nonlinear Effects of Machine Learning-Assisted Investment Decisions on Investor Behavior and Asset Pricing Efficiency

Ziheng Xu, Wan Liu

Machine learning technologies are increasingly embedded in financial decision-making processes, yet their influence on investor behavior and market efficiency remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates how machine learning-assisted investment decisions affect investor behavioral biases and asset pricing efficiency and whether these effects exhibit nonlinear characteristics. Using investor-level trading records, survey data, and market data from the Chinese A-share market (N = 12,846 investors; 3876 questionnaires; 3 million+ transactions), we construct measures of machine learning adoption intensity, investor behavioral biases, and asset pricing efficiency. Employing fixed-effects models, instrumental-variable estimation (2SLS), and mediation analysis, we examine the behavioral and market consequences of machine learning adoption. The results reveal a significant U-shaped relationship between machine learning adoption intensity and investor behavioral biases (inflection point: AIDI* = 0.731), and an inverted U-shaped relationship between AI market penetration and asset pricing efficiency (threshold: AIPM* = 0.733). Investor behavioral bias mediates 26.34% of the total effect of AI adoption on pricing efficiency. Moderate adoption reduces behavioral biases by improving information processing and decision quality, whereas excessive reliance on algorithmic recommendations generates automation bias and weakens investors’ independent judgment. At the market level, machine learning adoption exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with asset pricing efficiency. While moderate adoption enhances information incorporation into prices and reduces pricing deviations, excessive market penetration may induce algorithmic homogeneity and diminish efficiency gains. Furthermore, investor behavioral bias serves as an important transmission mechanism linking machine learning adoption to asset pricing outcomes. Heterogeneity analyses indicate that institutional investors benefit more from machine learning tools than individual investors, and the effects are stronger during periods of high market uncertainty. These findings provide new evidence on the optimal adoption of machine learning in financial markets and offer practical implications for intelligent investment platforms, investor education, and financial regulation.