Deformable Triangle Splatting: Flexible Primitives for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering

Oriol Jiménez-Ayguadé, Antonio Agudo

Recent radiance field methods represent scenes with 2D primitives that offer surface alignment and efficient rasterization, from Gaussian disks to triangles, yet all rely on convex boundaries: curved and concave structures demand excessive primitives. We introduce Deformable Triangle Splatting, which augments each triangle with $K$ control points per edge, each parameterized by a single learnable scalar displacement that shifts the boundary inward or outward, enabling non-convex shape representation while preserving the three base vertices that define the 3D plane. To render these non-convex primitives differentiably, we design a rasterization pipeline in the triangle's barycentric coordinate space, ensuring view-consistent rendering. A winding number test determines whether each pixel lies inside the deformed primitive, and a window function controlled by two learnable parameters, sharpness and corner smoothness, together with a per-primitive scalar opacity, produces the smooth opacity transition from interior to boundary. Validation is done in a variety of real-world scenes, outperforming recent works based on non-volumetric primitives in terms of visual quality and versatility while still achieving competitive rendering efficiency.