Collaborative Spatial Learning with Multi-LLM Agents in Networked Social Experiments

Hao He, Chris J. Kuhlman, Xinwei Deng

Collective problem solving often requires that group members consider the tradeoff between exploitation of known solutions and exploration for new ones, where information of known solutions can be disseminated among individual members through communication networks. The Mason--Watts experiment (PNAS 2012) showed that human groups in shorter-path networks outperform those in longer-path networks on a two-dimensional search task. In this work, we focus on the investigation of such network-efficiency effects in the setting of a group of large language model (LLM) agents. Specifically, we consider groups of sixteen LLM agents playing the Mason--Watts experiment on the eight Mason--Watts network topologies. Moreover, we develop mechanistic Bayesian optimization agents such that the performance of LLM agents can be compared with both the mechanistic agents and the human experimental data. Our computational experiments indicate that the LLM agents show a significant network-efficiency effect when instructed to randomize their first-round choices, but not under the default initialization. In this experiment, adding a one-sentence first-round randomization instruction improves collective payoff by more than three times the estimated payoff difference across the eight network topologies. Also, the Bayesian optimization agents obtain higher payoffs than the evaluated LLM agents on this spatial search task. We further compare the agents' exploration--exploitation behavior, copying, and spatial diversity.