Applications, Trends, and Challenges of Precision Weed Control Technologies Based on Deep Learning and Machine Vision

Xiangxin Gao, Jianmin Gao, Waqar Ahmed Qureshi

Advanced computer vision (CV) and deep learning (DL) are essential for sustainable agriculture via automated vegetation management. This paper methodically reviews advancements in these technologies for agricultural settings, analyzing their fundamental principles, designs, system integration, and practical applications. The amalgamation of transformer topologies with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in models such as YOLO (You Only Look Once) and Mask R-CNN (Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network) markedly enhances target recognition and semantic segmentation. The integration of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) with multispectral imagery significantly improves recognition accuracy in intricate situations. Moreover, the integration of deep learning models with control systems, which include laser modules, robotic arms, and precision spray nozzles, facilitates the development of intelligent robotic mowing systems that significantly diminish chemical herbicide consumption and enhance operational efficiency relative to conventional approaches. Significant obstacles persist, including restricted environmental adaptability, real-time processing limitations, and inadequate model generalization. Future directions entail the integration of varied data sources, the development of streamlined models, and the enhancement of intelligent decision-making systems, establishing a framework for the advancement of sustainable agricultural technology.