Machine Learning-Enabled Robust Optimization for Green Vehicle Routing Problems: A Systematic Literature Review

Wibi Anto, Herlina Napitupulu, Diah Chaerani, Adibah Shuib

This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesizes current research on integrating machine learning (ML) into robust optimization (RO) frameworks for solving Green Vehicle Routing Problems (Green-VRP) under uncertainty. The key contributions include utilizing the EmbedSLR 2.0 framework for objective screening, establishing a functional ML role taxonomy, and mapping uncertainty sets to computational tractability. Following PRISMA guidelines, searches across Scopus, Sage, and Dimensions identified 82 eligible studies validated through a three-point quality assessment scale. Bibliometric analysis indicates that the VRP has evolved into an interdisciplinary field that combines the power of rigorous RO with the integration capabilities of ML to achieve sustainability and resilience goals. Based on the results of the literature review, it was found that ML plays four crucial functional roles: as an end-to-end problem solver, a tool for predicting input parameters, a guide for search subroutines, and a mechanism for constructing more precise uncertainty sets. Various frameworks such as Adjustable Robust Optimization (ARO), Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO), and Data-Driven Robust Optimization (DDRO) have been reported in various studies to offer improved cost efficiency and robustness compared to conventional static RO models by utilizing data more dynamically to reduce the level of conservatism. The integration of these environmental factors is carried out through emission and energy consumption parameters, which systematically give rise to operational trade-offs. This SLR has several limitations, including database and language limitations, the absence of cross-reference validation in EmbedSLR 2.0, and limitations in quality assessment. This publication is funded by the Universitas Padjadjaran through the LPDP on behalf of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and managed under the EQUITY Program (Contract No. 4303/B3/DT.03.08/2025 and 3927/UN6.RKT/HK.07.00/2025), as well as the Universitas Padjadjaran Research Grant under Research Grant for Graduate Students (Hibah Riset Melibatkan Mahasiswa Pascasarjana - RMMP) with contract number 5598/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2025. This systematic review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) on 8 May 2026.